feat: multi-user authentication (dual mode)

Add optional login protection for the web UI/API, intended for shared
machines (e.g. AI servers). Dual mode: with no users configured the API
and web UI are open (as before); once at least one user exists, every
/api/* and /ws/* endpoint requires a valid session.

- bcrypt password hashing: passwords stored as $2b$ hashes in
  /etc/nvcurve/users.json (0600, root-owned); plaintext never persisted.
- 24-hour sessions: HttpOnly cookie for browsers, Authorization: Bearer
  token for CLI/scripts; in-memory, invalidated on server restart.
- Multi-user: multiple named accounts (no shared-password mode).
- New CLI: nvcurve user add|list|remove|set-password (root for mutating
  ops; password always prompted, never a CLI argument).
- New endpoints: GET /api/ping (public), /api/auth/status|login|logout|users.
- Web UI: sign-in screen when auth is enabled; status bar shows the
  signed-in user with sign-out; expired sessions (401) re-show sign-in.
- Brute-force lockout: 10 failed logins/IP within 5 min -> 15 min lockout.
- New dependency: bcrypt.

Also: LSP config (pyrightconfig.json) pointing at the project .venv, and
small error-handling cleanups in daemon.py/server.py.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,17 +2,35 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [Unreleased]
+
+### Added
+
+- **Multi-User Authentication (dual mode)**: The server now supports optional login-protected access for shared machines (e.g. AI servers).
+  - **Dual mode**: with no users configured the API/web UI are open (as before); once at least one user exists, every `/api/*` and `/ws/*` endpoint requires a valid session.
+  - **bcrypt password hashing**: passwords are stored as bcrypt (`$2b$`) hashes in `/etc/nvcurve/users.json` (mode `0600`, root-owned). Plaintext is never persisted; login compares the plaintext against the stored hash.
+  - **24-hour sessions**: a successful login creates a session that lasts 24 hours (HttpOnly cookie for browsers, `Authorization: Bearer` token for CLI/scripts). Sessions are in-memory and invalidated on server restart.
+  - **Multi-user**: multiple named accounts are supported (no shared-password mode).
+  - **New CLI**: `nvcurve user add|list|remove|set-password` (root for add/remove/set-password).
+  - **New endpoints**: `GET /api/ping` (public), `GET /api/auth/status`, `POST /api/auth/login`, `POST /api/auth/logout`, `GET /api/auth/users`.
+  - **Web UI**: a sign-in screen appears when authentication is enabled; the status bar shows the signed-in user with a sign-out button. Expired sessions (401) re-show the sign-in screen.
+  - **Brute-force lockout**: 10 failed logins from an IP within 5 minutes triggers a 15-minute lockout.
+  - New dependency: `bcrypt`.
+
 ## [0.5.1] - 2026-05-09
 
 ### Added
+
 - **Comprehensive Documentation**: Added structured docs covering overview, installation, usage guide, and tips and tricks. README pruned to essentials with links to docs.
 
 ### Changed
+
 - **VRAM Offset Cap Raised**: Increased the web UI VRAM slider maximum from 1000 MHz to 3000 MHz, matching the NVIDIA driver hard limit. Point 131 now allows the full range.
 
 ## [0.5.0] - 2026-03-23
 
 ### Changed
+
 - **CLI Architecture Simplification**: The CLI has been decoupled from the FastAPI server and now operates as a stateless direct-HAL hardware administration tool. It no longer relies on the server for data reading or offset writing.
 - **Consistent Privileges**: All CLI commands that interact with the hardware now explicitly require root privileges.
 - **Background Daemon**: Added a new lightweight Unix socket daemon (`nvcurve daemon`) to handle auto-loading profiles on boot and managing the server's lifecycle.
@@ -21,6 +39,7 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 ## [0.4.0] - 2026-03-17
 
 ### Added
+
 - **Multi-GPU Support** *(experimental — untested on real multi-GPU hardware)*: The server now manages all detected NVIDIA GPUs simultaneously under a single process. Each GPU gets its own isolated state (write lock, monitor clients, curve clients, active profile). REST endpoints and WebSocket subscriptions accept a `gpu_index` parameter. A new `/api/gpus` endpoint enumerates all GPUs with name, index, UUID, and PCI bus ID.
 - **GPU Selector in Web UI**: When multiple GPUs are present, the status bar shows a dropdown to switch the active GPU. Switching resets all pending edits, selection state, and live monitoring for the new target.
 - **Default Profile**: Added the ability to designate a profile as the default — it is applied automatically on server startup.
@@ -32,6 +51,7 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 - **Automated Setup Check**: `nvcurve setup` runs a consolidated 4-step hardware compatibility check: NvAPI function probe → V/F curve baseline read → non-destructive write-verify → automatic state restore. The write-verify defaults to the last GPU-domain point (safe on all GPU generations); override with `--point` and `--delta`. Pass `--full-mask` if writes fail on older GPUs such as Pascal.
 
 ### Changed
+
 - **Profile CLI syntax**: Profile commands now take the profile name as a positional argument instead of `--name` (e.g. `nvcurve profile apply balanced` instead of `nvcurve profile apply --name balanced`).
 - **Improved Diagnostics**: The `read --diag` engine now reports driver version, VRAM totals, power limits, raw clock offsets, memory offset ranges, and raw boost masks in addition to the NvAPI function probe.
 - **Offline Snapshots**: `snapshot save`, `restore`, and `list` bypass the server and fall back to direct HAL operations when the daemon is not running.

README.md

@@ -53,6 +53,18 @@ nvcurve          # Launch web UI at http://localhost:8042
 nvcurve read     # Quick curve read from CLI
 ```
 
+## Authentication (Multi-User)
+
+The server runs **open by default**. On a shared machine (e.g. an AI server), add users to require a login — the web UI then shows a sign-in screen and every API/WebSocket call is protected. Passwords are stored as **bcrypt** hashes; sessions last **24 hours**.
+
+```bash
+sudo nvcurve user add alice      # add a user (prompts for password)
+nvcurve user list                # list users
+sudo nvcurve user remove alice   # remove a user
+```
+
+Adding the first user enables authentication immediately; removing the last user disables it. See the [Usage Guide](docs/Usage-Guide.md#authentication-multi-user) for details.
+
 ## Systemd Service
 
 Install the daemon for automatic profile loading on boot and optional web server auto-start:
@@ -131,7 +143,7 @@ The daemon reads settings from `/etc/nvcurve/config.json`:
 ```
 
 | Setting | Description |
-|---|---|
+| --- | --- |
 | `host` | Web server bind address (`0.0.0.0` for network access) |
 | `port` | Web server port (default `8042`) |
 | `auto_serve` | Auto-start web server on boot |

docs/Usage-Guide.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ nvcurve serve stop           # Stop the server
 The curve editor displays your GPU's V/F curve as an interactive graph with draggable points.
 
 | Action | How |
-|---|---|
+| --- | --- |
 | Select a point | Click on it |
 | Multi-select | Shift+click to add/remove points |
 | Select all active points | Ctrl/Cmd+A |
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ The curve editor displays your GPU's V/F curve as an interactive graph with drag
 The point table provides a spreadsheet-like view of all curve points with their frequency, voltage, and offset values.
 
 | Action | How |
-|---|---|
+| --- | --- |
 | Select a point | Click a row |
 | Toggle selection | Ctrl/Cmd+click |
 | Range select | Shift+click or drag across rows |
@@ -88,6 +88,64 @@ Data is streamed via WebSocket from the backend at a configurable poll interval
 
 When multiple NVIDIA GPUs are detected, a GPU selector dropdown appears in the status bar. Switching GPUs resets pending edits, selection state, and monitoring for the new target.
 
+## Authentication (Multi-User)
+
+By default the server runs **without** authentication — anyone who can reach the port can use it. This is fine for a single-user workstation, but on a shared AI server you will want to lock it down. nvcurve uses a **dual mode**:
+
+- **No users configured** → the API and web UI are open, exactly as before.
+- **One or more users configured** → every API and WebSocket endpoint requires a login. The web UI shows a sign-in screen first.
+
+There is no "single shared password" mode — once you add a user, each person gets their own account.
+
+### Managing users
+
+Users are stored as **bcrypt** hashes in `/etc/nvcurve/users.json` (mode `0600`, root-owned). Plaintext passwords are never written to disk. Manage them with the CLI (root required to add/remove/change):
+
+```bash
+# Add a user (prompts for the password twice). Never pass the password as an
+# argument — it would be visible in the process list and recorded in sudo logs.
+sudo nvcurve user add alice
+sudo nvcurve user add bob
+
+# List users
+nvcurve user list
+
+# Change a user's password
+sudo nvcurve user set-password alice
+
+# Remove a user
+sudo nvcurve user remove bob
+```
+
+Adding the first user **switches the server into authenticated mode immediately** (no restart needed). Removing the last user switches it back to open mode.
+
+### Signing in
+
+- **Web UI:** open the app as usual; if authentication is enabled you will see a sign-in screen. Enter your username and password.
+- **CLI / scripts:** the Python client can authenticate and reuse the session:
+
+  ```python
+  from nvcurve.client import NvCurveClient
+  client = NvCurveClient(base="http://127.0.0.1:8042")
+  client.login("alice", "S3cret!")   # stores the session token
+  print(client.gpu())                 # subsequent calls are authorized
+  ```
+
+  Or pass a token you already have: `NvCurveClient(base=..., token="...")`.
+
+### Sessions
+
+- A successful login creates a session that **lasts 24 hours**, after which a new login is required.
+- Browsers receive the session as an `HttpOnly` cookie; CLI/scripts use the returned token as an `Authorization: Bearer <token>` header.
+- Sessions are kept in server memory, so a server restart invalidates them (users must sign in again).
+- A per-IP lockout (10 failed attempts within 5 minutes → 15-minute lockout) slows down brute-force guessing.
+
+### Security notes
+
+- The user store file should stay root-owned and `0600` (the CLI enforces this).
+- The web UI and API are still only as safe as the network path to the server — bind to a trusted interface (`--host`) and/or firewall the port. Authentication protects against casual access, not a determined network attacker.
+- The `nvcurve user` commands and the user store require root; day-to-day sign-in does not.
+
 ## CLI Reference
 
 The CLI is designed for scripting, headless use, and quick operations. All write commands support `--dry-run` to preview changes.
@@ -198,7 +256,7 @@ sudo nvcurve service configure --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8042
 ## Configuration Files
 
 | File | Purpose |
-|---|---|
+| --- | --- |
 | `/etc/nvcurve/config.json` | Persistent config (host, port, auto-serve, default profiles) |
 | `/etc/nvcurve/profiles/*.json` | Saved profiles |
 | `/var/cache/nvcurve/snapshots/` | Auto-saved snapshots before writes |

frontend/src/App.tsx

@@ -1,31 +1,102 @@
-import { useGpu } from './hooks/useGpu';
+import { useGpu } from "./hooks/useGpu";
-import { useCurve } from './hooks/useCurve';
+import { useCurve } from "./hooks/useCurve";
-import { useMonitor } from './hooks/useMonitor';
+import { useMonitor } from "./hooks/useMonitor";
-import { StatusBar } from './components/Monitor/StatusBar';
+import { StatusBar } from "./components/Monitor/StatusBar";
-import { LiveMonitor } from './components/Monitor/LiveMonitor';
+import { LiveMonitor } from "./components/Monitor/LiveMonitor";
-import { CurveEditor } from './components/CurveEditor/CurveEditor';
+import { CurveEditor } from "./components/CurveEditor/CurveEditor";
-import { PointTable } from './components/PointTable/PointTable';
+import { PointTable } from "./components/PointTable/PointTable";
-import { PerformancePanel } from './components/Limits/PerformancePanel';
+import { PerformancePanel } from "./components/Limits/PerformancePanel";
-import { PerformanceMonitor } from './components/Monitor/PerformanceMonitor';
+import { PerformanceMonitor } from "./components/Monitor/PerformanceMonitor";
-import { FanMonitor } from './components/Monitor/FanMonitor';
+import { FanMonitor } from "./components/Monitor/FanMonitor";
-import { FanCurveEditor } from './components/Fans/FanCurveEditor';
+import { FanCurveEditor } from "./components/Fans/FanCurveEditor";
-import { ProfilePanel } from './components/Profiles/ProfilePanel';
+import { ProfilePanel } from "./components/Profiles/ProfilePanel";
-import { api } from './api/client';
+import { api, onUnauthorized } from "./api/client";
-import { useCurveStore } from './store/curveStore';
+import { LoginScreen } from "./components/Auth/LoginScreen";
-import { Toaster } from 'sonner';
+import { useCurveStore } from "./store/curveStore";
-import { Loader, ChevronDown } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Toaster } from "sonner";
-import { useState, useRef, useEffect } from 'react';
+import { Loader, ChevronDown } from "lucide-react";
-import type { FanState } from './types';
+import { useState, useRef, useEffect } from "react";
+import type { FanState } from "./types";
+
+type AuthState = "checking" | "login" | "ok";
 
 export default function App() {
+  const [authState, setAuthState] = useState<AuthState>("checking");
+  const [authUser, setAuthUser] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    api
+      .authStatus()
+      .then((s) => {
+        if (cancelled) return;
+        if (s.auth_required && !s.authenticated) {
+          setAuthState("login");
+        } else {
+          setAuthUser(s.username);
+          setAuthState("ok");
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        // Server unreachable — fall through to the normal (no-auth) flow.
+        if (!cancelled) setAuthState("ok");
+      });
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onUnauthorized(() => setAuthState("login"));
+    return () => onUnauthorized(null);
+  }, []);
+
+  function handleLogout() {
+    api.logout().catch(() => {});
+    setAuthUser(null);
+    setAuthState("login");
+  }
+
+  if (authState === "checking") {
+    return (
+      <div className="min-h-screen bg-zinc-950 flex items-center justify-center">
+        <Loader className="animate-spin text-zinc-500" size={28} />
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (authState === "login") {
+    return (
+      <LoginScreen
+        onSuccess={(username) => {
+          setAuthUser(username);
+          setAuthState("ok");
+        }}
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  return <MainApp user={authUser} onLogout={handleLogout} />;
+}
+
+function MainApp({
+  user,
+  onLogout,
+}: {
+  user: string | null;
+  onLogout: () => void;
+}) {
   const gpuInfo = useGpu();
   const { curve, wsStatus: curveWsStatus } = useCurve();
   const { monitor, monitorHistory, wsStatus: monitorWsStatus } = useMonitor();
-  const { setCurve, activeProfile, setActiveProfile, selectedGpuIndex } = useCurveStore();
+  const { setCurve, activeProfile, setActiveProfile, selectedGpuIndex } =
+    useCurveStore();
 
-  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<'curve' | 'performance' | 'fans'>('curve');
+  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<"curve" | "performance" | "fans">(
+    "curve",
+  );
   const [fanState, setFanState] = useState<FanState | null>(null);
-  const [activeDomain, setActiveDomain] = useState<'gpu' | 'memory'>('gpu');
+  const [activeDomain, setActiveDomain] = useState<"gpu" | "memory">("gpu");
   const [isProfileOpen, setIsProfileOpen] = useState(false);
   const profileRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 
@@ -37,14 +108,20 @@ export default function App() {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     function handleClickOutside(event: MouseEvent) {
-      if (profileRef.current && !profileRef.current.contains(event.target as Node)) {
+      if (
+        profileRef.current &&
+        !profileRef.current.contains(event.target as Node)
+      ) {
         setIsProfileOpen(false);
       }
     }
     document.addEventListener("mousedown", handleClickOutside);
 
     // Fetch initial active profile
-    api.profiles(selectedGpuIndex).then(data => setActiveProfile(data.active)).catch(console.error);
+    api
+      .profiles(selectedGpuIndex)
+      .then((data) => setActiveProfile(data.active))
+      .catch(console.error);
 
     return () => document.removeEventListener("mousedown", handleClickOutside);
   }, [selectedGpuIndex, setActiveProfile]);
@@ -54,28 +131,36 @@ export default function App() {
   }
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (activeTab === 'fans') {
+    if (activeTab === "fans") {
       refreshFans();
     }
   }, [activeTab, selectedGpuIndex]);
 
   // Worst connection status wins
   const wsStatus =
-    monitorWsStatus === 'disconnected' || curveWsStatus === 'disconnected'
+    monitorWsStatus === "disconnected" || curveWsStatus === "disconnected"
-      ? 'disconnected'
+      ? "disconnected"
-      : monitorWsStatus === 'connecting' || curveWsStatus === 'connecting'
+      : monitorWsStatus === "connecting" || curveWsStatus === "connecting"
-        ? 'connecting'
+        ? "connecting"
-        : 'connected';
+        : "connected";
 
   return (
     <div className="min-h-screen bg-zinc-950 text-zinc-100 flex flex-col">
       <Toaster theme="dark" position="top-right" />
-      <StatusBar gpuInfo={gpuInfo} wsStatus={wsStatus} monitor={monitor} />
+      <StatusBar
+        gpuInfo={gpuInfo}
+        wsStatus={wsStatus}
+        monitor={monitor}
+        user={user}
+        onLogout={onLogout}
+      />
 
-      {wsStatus !== 'connected' && (
+      {wsStatus !== "connected" && (
         <div className="bg-amber-500/10 border-b border-amber-500/20 text-amber-500 px-4 py-2 text-center text-sm font-medium flex justify-center items-center gap-2">
           <Loader size={14} className="animate-spin" />
-          {wsStatus === 'connecting' ? 'Reconnecting to backend...' : 'Connection lost. Retrying...'}
+          {wsStatus === "connecting"
+            ? "Reconnecting to backend..."
+            : "Connection lost. Retrying..."}
         </div>
       )}
 
@@ -84,20 +169,20 @@ export default function App() {
         <div className="flex justify-between items-end border-b border-zinc-800 pb-2">
           <div className="flex gap-6">
             <button
-              onClick={() => setActiveTab('curve')}
+              onClick={() => setActiveTab("curve")}
-              className={`text-lg font-medium pb-2 -mb-[9px] border-b-2 transition-colors ${activeTab === 'curve' ? 'border-pink-500 text-zinc-100' : 'border-transparent text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-300'}`}
+              className={`text-lg font-medium pb-2 -mb-[9px] border-b-2 transition-colors ${activeTab === "curve" ? "border-pink-500 text-zinc-100" : "border-transparent text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-300"}`}
             >
               Curve
             </button>
             <button
-              onClick={() => setActiveTab('performance')}
+              onClick={() => setActiveTab("performance")}
-              className={`text-lg font-medium pb-2 -mb-[9px] border-b-2 transition-colors ${activeTab === 'performance' ? 'border-pink-500 text-zinc-100' : 'border-transparent text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-300'}`}
+              className={`text-lg font-medium pb-2 -mb-[9px] border-b-2 transition-colors ${activeTab === "performance" ? "border-pink-500 text-zinc-100" : "border-transparent text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-300"}`}
             >
               Performance
             </button>
             <button
-              onClick={() => setActiveTab('fans')}
+              onClick={() => setActiveTab("fans")}
-              className={`text-lg font-medium pb-2 -mb-[9px] border-b-2 transition-colors ${activeTab === 'fans' ? 'border-pink-500 text-zinc-100' : 'border-transparent text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-300'}`}
+              className={`text-lg font-medium pb-2 -mb-[9px] border-b-2 transition-colors ${activeTab === "fans" ? "border-pink-500 text-zinc-100" : "border-transparent text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-300"}`}
             >
               Fans
             </button>
@@ -113,13 +198,23 @@ export default function App() {
                   <span className="text-zinc-200">{activeProfile}</span>
                 </>
               ) : (
-                'Profiles'
+                "Profiles"
               )}
-              <ChevronDown size={14} className={isProfileOpen ? "rotate-180 transition-transform" : "transition-transform"} />
+              <ChevronDown
+                size={14}
+                className={
+                  isProfileOpen
+                    ? "rotate-180 transition-transform"
+                    : "transition-transform"
+                }
+              />
             </button>
             {isProfileOpen && (
               <div className="absolute right-0 top-full mt-2 w-80 z-50 shadow-[0_8px_30px_rgb(0,0,0,0.8)] border border-zinc-700/50 rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
-                <ProfilePanel activeProfile={activeProfile} onProfileApplied={setActiveProfile} />
+                <ProfilePanel
+                  activeProfile={activeProfile}
+                  onProfileApplied={setActiveProfile}
+                />
               </div>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -127,7 +222,7 @@ export default function App() {
 
         {/* Main content area */}
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 w-full">
-          {activeTab === 'curve' ? (
+          {activeTab === "curve" ? (
             <>
               <div className="flex gap-4 items-stretch w-full">
                 <div className="flex-1 min-w-0 flex flex-col">
@@ -155,20 +250,27 @@ export default function App() {
               {curve && (
                 <div className="w-full">
                   <PointTable
-                    points={curve.points.filter(p => p.domain === activeDomain)}
+                    points={curve.points.filter(
-                    currentVoltageMv={activeDomain === 'gpu' ? currentVoltageMv : null}
+                      (p) => p.domain === activeDomain,
-                    readOnly={activeDomain === 'memory'}
+                    )}
+                    currentVoltageMv={
+                      activeDomain === "gpu" ? currentVoltageMv : null
+                    }
+                    readOnly={activeDomain === "memory"}
                   />
                 </div>
               )}
             </>
-          ) : activeTab === 'performance' ? (
+          ) : activeTab === "performance" ? (
             <div className="flex gap-4 items-start w-full">
               <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
                 <PerformancePanel />
               </div>
               <div className="w-80 shrink-0 flex flex-col">
-                <PerformanceMonitor monitor={monitor} history={monitorHistory} />
+                <PerformanceMonitor
+                  monitor={monitor}
+                  history={monitorHistory}
+                />
               </div>
             </div>
           ) : (

frontend/src/api/client.ts

@@ -1,87 +1,174 @@
-import type { CurveState, GpuInfo, MonitoringSample, SnapshotInfo, LimitsState, ProfileData, FanState, FanPoint } from '../types';
+import type {
+  CurveState,
+  GpuInfo,
+  MonitoringSample,
+  SnapshotInfo,
+  LimitsState,
+  ProfileData,
+  FanState,
+  FanPoint,
+} from "../types";
+
+export class ApiError extends Error {
+  status: number;
+  constructor(status: number, message: string) {
+    super(message);
+    this.status = status;
+  }
+}
+
+// Global handler invoked when any API call returns 401 (not logged in, or the
+// 24-hour session expired). The app uses it to re-show the login screen.
+let unauthorizedHandler: (() => void) | null = null;
+export function onUnauthorized(handler: (() => void) | null): void {
+  unauthorizedHandler = handler;
+}
+
+function handleUnauthorized(res: Response): void {
+  if (res.status === 401 && unauthorizedHandler) {
+    unauthorizedHandler();
+  }
+}
 
 async function get<T>(path: string, gpuIndex?: number): Promise<T> {
-  const url = gpuIndex !== undefined ? `/api${path}?gpu_index=${gpuIndex}` : `/api${path}`;
+  const url =
+    gpuIndex !== undefined
+      ? `/api${path}?gpu_index=${gpuIndex}`
+      : `/api${path}`;
   const res = await fetch(url);
   if (!res.ok) {
+    handleUnauthorized(res);
     const text = await res.text().catch(() => res.statusText);
-    throw new Error(`GET ${url}: ${res.status} — ${text}`);
+    throw new ApiError(res.status, `GET ${url}: ${res.status} — ${text}`);
   }
   return res.json() as Promise<T>;
 }
 
-async function post<T = void>(path: string, body?: unknown, gpuIndex?: number): Promise<T> {
+async function post<T = void>(
-  const url = gpuIndex !== undefined ? `/api${path}?gpu_index=${gpuIndex}` : `/api${path}`;
+  path: string,
+  body?: unknown,
+  gpuIndex?: number,
+): Promise<T> {
+  const url =
+    gpuIndex !== undefined
+      ? `/api${path}?gpu_index=${gpuIndex}`
+      : `/api${path}`;
   const res = await fetch(url, {
-    method: 'POST',
+    method: "POST",
-    headers: body != null ? { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' } : {},
+    headers: body != null ? { "Content-Type": "application/json" } : {},
     body: body != null ? JSON.stringify(body) : undefined,
   });
   if (!res.ok) {
+    handleUnauthorized(res);
     const text = await res.text().catch(() => res.statusText);
-    throw new Error(`POST ${url}: ${res.status} — ${text}`);
+    throw new ApiError(res.status, `POST ${url}: ${res.status} — ${text}`);
   }
   // Some endpoints return no body (204)
-  const ct = res.headers.get('content-type') ?? '';
+  const ct = res.headers.get("content-type") ?? "";
-  if (ct.includes('application/json')) return res.json() as Promise<T>;
+  if (ct.includes("application/json")) return res.json() as Promise<T>;
+  // SAFETY: non-JSON responses (e.g. 204) carry no body; callers of these
+  // endpoints use T = void and ignore the result, so undefined is a valid T.
   return undefined as unknown as T;
 }
 
 async function del<T = void>(path: string, gpuIndex?: number): Promise<T> {
-  const url = gpuIndex !== undefined ? `/api${path}?gpu_index=${gpuIndex}` : `/api${path}`;
+  const url =
-  const res = await fetch(url, { method: 'DELETE' });
+    gpuIndex !== undefined
+      ? `/api${path}?gpu_index=${gpuIndex}`
+      : `/api${path}`;
+  const res = await fetch(url, { method: "DELETE" });
   if (!res.ok) {
+    handleUnauthorized(res);
     const text = await res.text().catch(() => res.statusText);
-    throw new Error(`DELETE ${url}: ${res.status} — ${text}`);
+    throw new ApiError(res.status, `DELETE ${url}: ${res.status} — ${text}`);
   }
-  const ct = res.headers.get('content-type') ?? '';
+  const ct = res.headers.get("content-type") ?? "";
-  if (ct.includes('application/json')) return res.json() as Promise<T>;
+  if (ct.includes("application/json")) return res.json() as Promise<T>;
+  // SAFETY: non-JSON responses (e.g. 204) carry no body; callers of these
+  // endpoints use T = void and ignore the result, so undefined is a valid T.
   return undefined as unknown as T;
 }
 
+export interface AuthStatus {
+  auth_required: boolean;
+  authenticated: boolean;
+  username: string | null;
+  expires_at: number | null;
+}
+
 export const api = {
-  gpus: () => get<GpuInfo[]>('/gpus'),
+  /** Auth */
-  gpu: (gpuIndex: number) => get<GpuInfo>('/gpu', gpuIndex),
+  authStatus: () => get<AuthStatus>("/auth/status"),
-  curve: (gpuIndex: number) => get<CurveState>('/curve', gpuIndex),
+  login: (username: string, password: string) =>
-  ranges: (gpuIndex: number) => get<Record<string, { min_khz: number; max_khz: number }>>('/ranges', gpuIndex),
+    post<{ ok: boolean; username: string; expires_at: number; token: string }>(
-  voltage: (gpuIndex: number) => get<{ voltage_uv: number; voltage_mv: number }>('/voltage', gpuIndex),
+      "/auth/login",
-  monitor: (gpuIndex: number) => get<MonitoringSample>('/monitor', gpuIndex),
+      { username, password },
-  snapshots: (gpuIndex: number) => get<SnapshotInfo[]>('/snapshots', gpuIndex),
+    ),
+  logout: () => post("/auth/logout"),
+
+  gpus: () => get<GpuInfo[]>("/gpus"),
+  gpu: (gpuIndex: number) => get<GpuInfo>("/gpu", gpuIndex),
+  curve: (gpuIndex: number) => get<CurveState>("/curve", gpuIndex),
+  ranges: (gpuIndex: number) =>
+    get<Record<string, { min_khz: number; max_khz: number }>>(
+      "/ranges",
+      gpuIndex,
+    ),
+  voltage: (gpuIndex: number) =>
+    get<{ voltage_uv: number; voltage_mv: number }>("/voltage", gpuIndex),
+  monitor: (gpuIndex: number) => get<MonitoringSample>("/monitor", gpuIndex),
+  snapshots: (gpuIndex: number) => get<SnapshotInfo[]>("/snapshots", gpuIndex),
 
   /** Write per-point frequency deltas. deltas: { pointIndex: deltaKhz } */
   writeDeltas: (deltas: Record<number, number>, gpuIndex: number) =>
-    post<{ ok: boolean; freq_warnings?: string[] }>('/curve/write', { deltas }, gpuIndex),
+    post<{ ok: boolean; freq_warnings?: string[] }>(
+      "/curve/write",
+      { deltas },
+      gpuIndex,
+    ),
 
   /** Reset all frequency deltas to zero. */
-  resetCurve: (gpuIndex: number) => post('/curve/reset', undefined, gpuIndex),
+  resetCurve: (gpuIndex: number) => post("/curve/reset", undefined, gpuIndex),
 
   /** Get performance limits mapping */
-  limits: (gpuIndex: number) => get<LimitsState>('/limits', gpuIndex),
+  limits: (gpuIndex: number) => get<LimitsState>("/limits", gpuIndex),
 
   /** Set performance limits */
   updateLimits: (updates: Partial<LimitsState>, gpuIndex: number) =>
-    post('/limits', updates, gpuIndex),
+    post("/limits", updates, gpuIndex),
 
   /** Reset power limit and memory offset to hardware defaults */
-  resetLimits: (gpuIndex: number) => post('/limits/reset', undefined, gpuIndex),
+  resetLimits: (gpuIndex: number) => post("/limits/reset", undefined, gpuIndex),
 
   /** Profile Management */
-  profiles: (gpuIndex: number) => get<{ profiles: ProfileData[], active: string | null, auto_load: string | null }>('/profiles', gpuIndex),
+  profiles: (gpuIndex: number) =>
-  saveProfile: (name: string, gpuIndex: number) => post<{ ok: boolean; filepath: string }>('/profiles', { name }, gpuIndex),
+    get<{
-  applyProfile: (name: string, gpuIndex: number) => post(`/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/apply`, undefined, gpuIndex),
+      profiles: ProfileData[];
+      active: string | null;
+      auto_load: string | null;
+    }>("/profiles", gpuIndex),
+  saveProfile: (name: string, gpuIndex: number) =>
+    post<{ ok: boolean; filepath: string }>("/profiles", { name }, gpuIndex),
+  applyProfile: (name: string, gpuIndex: number) =>
+    post(`/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/apply`, undefined, gpuIndex),
   deleteProfile: (name: string) => del(`/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`),
   renameProfile: (oldName: string, newName: string) =>
-    post(`/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(oldName)}/rename`, { new_name: newName }),
+    post(`/profiles/${encodeURIComponent(oldName)}/rename`, {
+      new_name: newName,
+    }),
 
   /** Server config */
   setAutoLoadProfile: (name: string | null, gpuIndex: number) =>
-    post<{ ok: boolean; auto_load_profile: string | null }>('/config', { auto_load_profile: name, gpu_index: gpuIndex }),
+    post<{ ok: boolean; auto_load_profile: string | null }>("/config", {
+      auto_load_profile: name,
+      gpu_index: gpuIndex,
+    }),
 
   /** Fan control */
-  fans: (gpuIndex: number) => get<FanState>('/fans', gpuIndex),
+  fans: (gpuIndex: number) => get<FanState>("/fans", gpuIndex),
   updateFans: (curve: FanPoint[], gpuIndex: number) =>
-    post('/fans', { curve }, gpuIndex),
+    post("/fans", { curve }, gpuIndex),
-  resetFans: (gpuIndex: number) => post('/fans/reset', undefined, gpuIndex),
+  resetFans: (gpuIndex: number) => post("/fans/reset", undefined, gpuIndex),
   setFanSpeed: (fanPct: number, gpuIndex: number) =>
-    post('/fans/speed', { fan_pct: fanPct }, gpuIndex),
+    post("/fans/speed", { fan_pct: fanPct }, gpuIndex),
 };

frontend/src/components/Auth/LoginScreen.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { useState } from "react";
+import { Loader, Lock, User } from "lucide-react";
+import { api, ApiError } from "../../api/client";
+
+interface Props {
+  onSuccess: (username: string) => void;
+}
+
+export function LoginScreen({ onSuccess }: Props) {
+  const [username, setUsername] = useState("");
+  const [password, setPassword] = useState("");
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
+
+  async function submit(e: React.FormEvent) {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    if (busy) return;
+    setBusy(true);
+    setError(null);
+    try {
+      const res = await api.login(username, password);
+      onSuccess(res.username);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err instanceof ApiError && err.status === 401) {
+        setError("Invalid username or password.");
+      } else if (err instanceof ApiError && err.status === 429) {
+        setError(
+          "Too many failed attempts. Please wait a moment and try again.",
+        );
+      } else {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : "Login failed.");
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="min-h-screen bg-zinc-950 text-zinc-100 flex items-center justify-center p-4">
+      <div className="w-full max-w-sm">
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-center mb-8">
+          <img src="/logo.svg" alt="NVCurve" className="w-12 h-12 mb-3" />
+          <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold text-transparent bg-clip-text bg-gradient-to-r from-violet-400 to-fuchsia-400 tracking-tight">
+            NVCurve
+          </h1>
+          <p className="text-sm text-zinc-500 mt-1">Sign in to continue</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <form
+          onSubmit={submit}
+          className="bg-zinc-900 border border-zinc-800 rounded-xl p-6 shadow-[0_8px_30px_rgb(0,0,0,0.6)] flex flex-col gap-4"
+        >
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+            <label
+              htmlFor="username"
+              className="text-xs font-medium text-zinc-400"
+            >
+              Username
+            </label>
+            <div className="relative">
+              <User
+                size={15}
+                className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-zinc-500"
+              />
+              <input
+                id="username"
+                type="text"
+                autoComplete="username"
+                autoFocus
+                value={username}
+                onChange={(e) => setUsername(e.target.value)}
+                className="w-full bg-zinc-950 border border-zinc-700 rounded-lg pl-9 pr-3 py-2 text-sm text-zinc-100 placeholder-zinc-600 focus:outline-none focus:border-violet-500 focus:ring-1 focus:ring-violet-500/40"
+                placeholder="username"
+              />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+            <label
+              htmlFor="password"
+              className="text-xs font-medium text-zinc-400"
+            >
+              Password
+            </label>
+            <div className="relative">
+              <Lock
+                size={15}
+                className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-zinc-500"
+              />
+              <input
+                id="password"
+                type="password"
+                autoComplete="current-password"
+                value={password}
+                onChange={(e) => setPassword(e.target.value)}
+                className="w-full bg-zinc-950 border border-zinc-700 rounded-lg pl-9 pr-3 py-2 text-sm text-zinc-100 placeholder-zinc-600 focus:outline-none focus:border-violet-500 focus:ring-1 focus:ring-violet-500/40"
+                placeholder="••••••••"
+              />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          {error && (
+            <div className="text-sm text-red-400 bg-red-500/10 border border-red-500/20 rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
+              {error}
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          <button
+            type="submit"
+            disabled={busy || !username || !password}
+            className="mt-1 flex items-center justify-center gap-2 bg-violet-600 hover:bg-violet-500 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed text-white text-sm font-medium rounded-lg py-2.5 transition-colors"
+          >
+            {busy && <Loader size={15} className="animate-spin" />}
+            {busy ? "Signing in…" : "Sign in"}
+          </button>
+        </form>
+
+        <p className="text-center text-xs text-zinc-600 mt-4">
+          Sessions last 24 hours, then you will be asked to sign in again.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

frontend/src/components/Monitor/StatusBar.tsx

@@ -1,13 +1,24 @@
-import { Cpu, Wifi, WifiOff, Loader, Terminal, ChevronDown } from 'lucide-react';
+import {
-import type { GpuInfo, MonitoringSample } from '../../types';
+  Cpu,
-import { fmt } from '../../utils/units';
+  Wifi,
-import { useCurveStore } from '../../store/curveStore';
+  WifiOff,
-import { useState, useRef, useEffect } from 'react';
+  Loader,
+  Terminal,
+  ChevronDown,
+  LogOut,
+  User,
+} from "lucide-react";
+import type { GpuInfo, MonitoringSample } from "../../types";
+import { fmt } from "../../utils/units";
+import { useCurveStore } from "../../store/curveStore";
+import { useState, useRef, useEffect } from "react";
 
 interface Props {
   gpuInfo: GpuInfo | null;
-  wsStatus: 'connecting' | 'connected' | 'disconnected';
+  wsStatus: "connecting" | "connected" | "disconnected";
   monitor: MonitoringSample | null;
+  user?: string | null;
+  onLogout?: () => void;
 }
 
 const statusIcon = {
@@ -17,19 +28,29 @@ const statusIcon = {
 };
 
 const statusText = {
-  connected: 'Connected',
+  connected: "Connected",
-  connecting: 'Connecting…',
+  connecting: "Connecting…",
-  disconnected: 'Disconnected',
+  disconnected: "Disconnected",
 };
 
-export function StatusBar({ gpuInfo, wsStatus, monitor }: Props) {
+export function StatusBar({
-  const { availableGpus, selectedGpuIndex, setSelectedGpuIndex } = useCurveStore();
+  gpuInfo,
+  wsStatus,
+  monitor,
+  user,
+  onLogout,
+}: Props) {
+  const { availableGpus, selectedGpuIndex, setSelectedGpuIndex } =
+    useCurveStore();
   const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false);
   const dropdownRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     function handleClickOutside(event: MouseEvent) {
-      if (dropdownRef.current && !dropdownRef.current.contains(event.target as Node)) {
+      if (
+        dropdownRef.current &&
+        !dropdownRef.current.contains(event.target as Node)
+      ) {
         setIsOpen(false);
       }
     }
@@ -54,11 +75,17 @@ export function StatusBar({ gpuInfo, wsStatus, monitor }: Props) {
                 onClick={() => setIsOpen(!isOpen)}
                 className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-2 py-1 -ml-2 rounded hover:bg-zinc-800 transition-colors group"
               >
-                <Cpu size={14} className="text-zinc-400 group-hover:text-zinc-300 transition-colors" />
+                <Cpu
+                  size={14}
+                  className="text-zinc-400 group-hover:text-zinc-300 transition-colors"
+                />
                 <span className="font-medium text-zinc-200 truncate group-hover:text-white transition-colors">
-                  {gpuInfo?.name ?? 'No Device'}
+                  {gpuInfo?.name ?? "No Device"}
                 </span>
-                <ChevronDown size={14} className={`text-zinc-500 transition-transform ${isOpen ? 'rotate-180' : ''}`} />
+                <ChevronDown
+                  size={14}
+                  className={`text-zinc-500 transition-transform ${isOpen ? "rotate-180" : ""}`}
+                />
               </button>
 
               {isOpen && (
@@ -71,12 +98,23 @@ export function StatusBar({ gpuInfo, wsStatus, monitor }: Props) {
                         setIsOpen(false);
                       }}
                       className={`w-full text-left px-3 py-2 text-sm flex items-center gap-2 hover:bg-zinc-700 transition-colors ${
-                        gpu.index === selectedGpuIndex ? 'text-cyan-400 font-medium bg-zinc-700/50' : 'text-zinc-300'
+                        gpu.index === selectedGpuIndex
+                          ? "text-cyan-400 font-medium bg-zinc-700/50"
+                          : "text-zinc-300"
                       }`}
                     >
-                      <Cpu size={14} className={gpu.index === selectedGpuIndex ? 'text-cyan-400' : 'text-zinc-500'} />
+                      <Cpu
+                        size={14}
+                        className={
+                          gpu.index === selectedGpuIndex
+                            ? "text-cyan-400"
+                            : "text-zinc-500"
+                        }
+                      />
                       <span className="truncate flex-1">{gpu.name}</span>
-                      <span className="text-xs text-zinc-500 font-mono">GPU {gpu.index}</span>
+                      <span className="text-xs text-zinc-500 font-mono">
+                        GPU {gpu.index}
+                      </span>
                     </button>
                   ))}
                 </div>
@@ -84,9 +122,12 @@ export function StatusBar({ gpuInfo, wsStatus, monitor }: Props) {
             </div>
           ) : (
             <>
-              <Cpu size={16} className="shrink-0 text-zinc-400 ml-1 hidden sm:block" />
+              <Cpu
+                size={16}
+                className="shrink-0 text-zinc-400 ml-1 hidden sm:block"
+              />
               <span className="font-medium text-zinc-200 truncate">
-                {gpuInfo?.name ?? 'No Device'}
+                {gpuInfo?.name ?? "No Device"}
               </span>
             </>
           )}
@@ -101,28 +142,75 @@ export function StatusBar({ gpuInfo, wsStatus, monitor }: Props) {
 
         {/* Centre: live stats */}
         <div className="flex-1 flex items-center justify-center gap-5 min-w-0 hidden lg:flex">
-          <StatPill label="Temp" value={fmt.celsius(monitor?.temp_c)} color="text-orange-400" />
+          <StatPill
-          <StatPill label="Power" value={fmt.watts(monitor?.power_w)} color="text-pink-400" />
+            label="Temp"
-          <StatPill label="Fan" value={fmt.pct(monitor?.fan_pct)} color="text-blue-400" />
+            value={fmt.celsius(monitor?.temp_c)}
-          <StatPill label="GPU Util" value={fmt.pct(monitor?.gpu_util_pct)} color="text-yellow-400" />
+            color="text-orange-400"
-          <StatPill label="Mem Util" value={fmt.pct(monitor?.mem_util_pct)} color="text-sky-400" />
+          />
+          <StatPill
+            label="Power"
+            value={fmt.watts(monitor?.power_w)}
+            color="text-pink-400"
+          />
+          <StatPill
+            label="Fan"
+            value={fmt.pct(monitor?.fan_pct)}
+            color="text-blue-400"
+          />
+          <StatPill
+            label="GPU Util"
+            value={fmt.pct(monitor?.gpu_util_pct)}
+            color="text-yellow-400"
+          />
+          <StatPill
+            label="Mem Util"
+            value={fmt.pct(monitor?.mem_util_pct)}
+            color="text-sky-400"
+          />
         </div>
 
-        {/* Right: connection status */}
+        {/* Right: user + connection status */}
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-zinc-400 shrink-0">
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-3 shrink-0">
+          {user && (
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-zinc-400">
+              <User size={14} className="text-zinc-500" />
+              <span className="hidden sm:inline text-zinc-300">{user}</span>
+              {onLogout && (
+                <button
+                  onClick={onLogout}
+                  title="Sign out"
+                  className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-zinc-800 hover:text-zinc-200 transition-colors"
+                >
+                  <LogOut size={14} />
+                </button>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          )}
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-zinc-400">
             {statusIcon[wsStatus]}
             <span className="hidden sm:inline">{statusText[wsStatus]}</span>
           </div>
         </div>
+      </div>
     </header>
   );
 }
 
-function StatPill({ label, value, color }: { label: string; value: string; color: string }) {
+function StatPill({
+  label,
+  value,
+  color,
+}: {
+  label: string;
+  value: string;
+  color: string;
+}) {
   return (
     <div className="flex items-baseline gap-1">
       <span className="text-zinc-500 text-xs">{label}</span>
-      <span className={`font-mono font-semibold text-sm ${color}`}>{value}</span>
+      <span className={`font-mono font-semibold text-sm ${color}`}>
+        {value}
+      </span>
     </div>
   );
 }

nvcurve/auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+"""Authentication: bcrypt user store, 24-hour sessions, dual-mode gating.
+
+Dual mode
+---------
+- If the user store file exists and contains at least one user, the API
+  requires authentication for all ``/api/*`` and ``/ws/*`` endpoints
+  (except the public auth endpoints and ``/api/ping``).
+- If the user store is absent or empty, the server runs with no
+  authentication at all — exactly like before.
+
+Passwords are hashed with bcrypt (``$2b$``). Plaintext passwords are never
+stored. Sessions are in-memory random 256-bit tokens valid for 24 hours;
+they are presented either as an HttpOnly cookie (browser) or as an
+``Authorization: Bearer <token>`` header (CLI / scripts).
+
+A simple per-IP lockout slows down brute-force attempts against login.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import secrets
+import time
+from typing import Any
+
+import bcrypt
+
+# ── Constants ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+SESSION_TTL_S = 24 * 60 * 60  # sessions live for 24 hours
+COOKIE_NAME = "nvcurve_session"
+BCRYPT_ROUNDS = 12
+MAX_PASSWORD_BYTES = 72  # bcrypt only uses the first 72 bytes
+
+# Brute-force lockout: MAX_FAILURES within WINDOW_S → locked for LOCKOUT_S.
+_MAX_FAILURES = 10
+_WINDOW_S = 300
+_LOCKOUT_S = 900
+
+# ── User store ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# File format (JSON):  {"users": {"alice": "$2b$12$...", "bob": "$2b$12$..."}}
+
+
+def _valid_username(name: str) -> bool:
+    if not name or len(name) > 32:
+        return False
+    return all(c.isalnum() or c in "_-." for c in name)
+
+
+def load_users(path: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Load the user store. Returns {} if the file is absent or unreadable."""
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            data = json.load(f)
+    except (FileNotFoundError, json.JSONDecodeError, OSError):
+        return {}
+    users = data.get("users", {})
+    if not isinstance(users, dict):
+        return {}
+    return {k: v for k, v in users.items() if isinstance(k, str) and isinstance(v, str)}
+
+
+def save_users(path: str, users: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """Write the user store with restrictive permissions (0600, root-owned)."""
+    directory = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if directory:
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(directory, exist_ok=True)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"cannot create user store directory {directory!r}: {exc}"
+            ) from exc
+    try:
+        fd = os.open(path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC, 0o600)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise ValueError(f"cannot write user store {path!r}: {exc}") from exc
+    with os.fdopen(fd, "w") as f:
+        json.dump({"users": users}, f, indent=2)
+        f.write("\n")
+
+
+def auth_enabled(path: str) -> bool:
+    """True if at least one user is configured (→ authentication required)."""
+    return bool(load_users(path))
+
+
+def list_users(path: str) -> list[str]:
+    return sorted(load_users(path))
+
+
+def user_store_state(path: str) -> str:
+    """Report the user store state without requiring read access.
+
+    Returns one of:
+      - "absent":    no file (auth disabled)
+      - "empty":     file exists but has no users (auth disabled)
+      - "unreadable": file exists but can't be read (e.g. non-root on a 0600
+                      root-owned store) — auth is almost certainly enabled
+      - "enabled":   file readable and has at least one user (auth enabled)
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        return "absent"
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            data = json.load(f)
+    except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError):
+        return "unreadable"
+    users = data.get("users", {}) if isinstance(data, dict) else {}
+    if not isinstance(users, dict) or not users:
+        return "empty"
+    return "enabled"
+
+
+def add_user(path: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+    """Create a new user with a bcrypt-hashed password."""
+    if not _valid_username(username):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"invalid username {username!r} — use 1–32 chars: letters, digits, '_', '-', '.'"
+        )
+    if not password:
+        raise ValueError("password must not be empty")
+    if len(password.encode("utf-8")) > MAX_PASSWORD_BYTES:
+        raise ValueError(f"password too long (max {MAX_PASSWORD_BYTES} bytes)")
+    users = load_users(path)
+    if username in users:
+        raise ValueError(f"user {username!r} already exists")
+    users[username] = hash_password(password)
+    save_users(path, users)
+
+
+def remove_user(path: str, username: str) -> bool:
+    """Remove a user. Returns False if the user did not exist."""
+    users = load_users(path)
+    if username not in users:
+        return False
+    del users[username]
+    save_users(path, users)
+    return True
+
+
+def set_password(path: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+    """Replace the password of an existing user."""
+    if not password:
+        raise ValueError("password must not be empty")
+    if len(password.encode("utf-8")) > MAX_PASSWORD_BYTES:
+        raise ValueError(f"password too long (max {MAX_PASSWORD_BYTES} bytes)")
+    users = load_users(path)
+    if username not in users:
+        raise ValueError(f"user {username!r} does not exist")
+    users[username] = hash_password(password)
+    save_users(path, users)
+
+
+# ── Password hashing ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def _pw_bytes(plain: str) -> bytes:
+    """Encode a plaintext password, truncating to bcrypt's 72-byte limit.
+
+    bcrypt only uses the first 72 bytes and raises ValueError for longer
+    input; truncating here keeps the check total (no 500 on an over-long
+    login password) and matches what bcrypt does internally.
+    """
+    return plain.encode("utf-8")[:MAX_PASSWORD_BYTES]
+
+
+def hash_password(plain: str) -> str:
+    """Hash a plaintext password with bcrypt ($2b$)."""
+    return bcrypt.hashpw(_pw_bytes(plain), bcrypt.gensalt(rounds=BCRYPT_ROUNDS)).decode(
+        "ascii"
+    )
+
+
+def verify_password(plain: str, hashed: str) -> bool:
+    """Constant-time check of a plaintext password against a bcrypt hash."""
+    try:
+        return bcrypt.checkpw(_pw_bytes(plain), hashed.encode("ascii"))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        return False
+
+
+_dummy_hash: bytes | None = None
+
+
+def check_credentials(users: dict[str, str], username: str, password: str) -> bool:
+    """Verify username+password. Unknown users burn the same bcrypt time as
+    known ones so response timing does not reveal which usernames exist."""
+    global _dummy_hash
+    hashed = users.get(username)
+    if hashed is None:
+        if _dummy_hash is None:
+            _dummy_hash = bcrypt.hashpw(
+                b"nvcurve-timing-equalizer", bcrypt.gensalt(rounds=BCRYPT_ROUNDS)
+            )
+        bcrypt.checkpw(_pw_bytes(password), _dummy_hash)
+        return False
+    return verify_password(password, hashed)
+
+
+# ── Sessions (in-memory, 24 h) ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_sessions: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}  # token -> {"username", "expires_at"}
+
+
+def create_session(username: str) -> tuple[str, float]:
+    """Create a session. Returns (token, expires_at_unix)."""
+    _purge_expired()
+    token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+    expires_at = time.time() + SESSION_TTL_S
+    _sessions[token] = {"username": username, "expires_at": expires_at}
+    return token, expires_at
+
+
+def get_session(token: str | None) -> str | None:
+    """Return the username for a valid, unexpired token — else None."""
+    if not token:
+        return None
+    sess = _sessions.get(token)
+    if sess is None:
+        return None
+    if time.time() > sess["expires_at"]:
+        del _sessions[token]
+        return None
+    return sess["username"]
+
+
+def get_session_expires_at(token: str | None) -> float | None:
+    if not token:
+        return None
+    sess = _sessions.get(token)
+    if sess is None:
+        return None
+    return sess["expires_at"]
+
+
+def destroy_session(token: str | None) -> None:
+    if token:
+        _sessions.pop(token, None)
+
+
+def _purge_expired() -> None:
+    now = time.time()
+    for t in [t for t, s in _sessions.items() if now > s["expires_at"]]:
+        del _sessions[t]
+
+
+# ── Brute-force lockout (per client IP) ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+_failures: dict[str, list[float]] = {}  # ip -> recent failure timestamps
+_lockouts: dict[str, float] = {}  # ip -> unix time when lockout lifts
+
+
+def is_locked_out(ip: str) -> bool:
+    until = _lockouts.get(ip, 0.0)
+    if until > time.time():
+        return True
+    if until:
+        del _lockouts[ip]
+    return False
+
+
+def record_failure(ip: str) -> None:
+    now = time.time()
+    recent = [t for t in _failures.get(ip, []) if now - t < _WINDOW_S]
+    recent.append(now)
+    _failures[ip] = recent
+    if len(recent) >= _MAX_FAILURES:
+        _lockouts[ip] = now + _LOCKOUT_S
+        del _failures[ip]
+
+
+def clear_failures(ip: str) -> None:
+    _failures.pop(ip, None)
+
+
+# ── Token extraction ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def extract_token(request: Any) -> str | None:
+    """Pull the session token from an Authorization header or the cookie.
+
+    Works with both starlette Request and WebSocket objects (both expose
+    ``.headers`` / ``.cookies``).
+    """
+    auth_header = request.headers.get("authorization", "")
+    if auth_header.lower().startswith("bearer "):
+        token = auth_header[7:].strip()
+        if token:
+            return token
+    return request.cookies.get(COOKIE_NAME)

nvcurve/client.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """HTTP client for communicating with a running nvcurve server."""
 
-import httpx
 from typing import Any
 
+import httpx
+
 DEFAULT_BASE = "http://127.0.0.1:8042"
 _TIMEOUT = 5.0
 
@@ -19,14 +20,20 @@ class ApiError(Exception):
 
 
 class NvCurveClient:
-    def __init__(self, base: str = DEFAULT_BASE, gpu_index: int = 0):
+    def __init__(
+        self, base: str = DEFAULT_BASE, gpu_index: int = 0, token: str | None = None
+    ):
         self._base = base.rstrip("/")
         self.gpu_index = gpu_index
+        self.token = token
 
     def _url(self, path: str) -> str:
         sep = "&" if "?" in path else "?"
         return f"{self._base}{path}{sep}gpu_index={self.gpu_index}"
 
+    def _headers(self) -> dict:
+        return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.token}"} if self.token else {}
+
     def _raise(self, r: httpx.Response) -> None:
         if r.is_error:
             try:
@@ -37,35 +44,58 @@ class NvCurveClient:
 
     def _get(self, path: str) -> Any:
         try:
-            r = httpx.get(self._url(path), timeout=_TIMEOUT)
+            r = httpx.get(self._url(path), headers=self._headers(), timeout=_TIMEOUT)
         except httpx.ConnectError:
-            raise ServerNotRunning()
+            raise ServerNotRunning() from None
         self._raise(r)
         return r.json()
 
     def _post(self, path: str, body: Any = None) -> Any:
         try:
-            r = httpx.post(self._url(path), json=body, timeout=_TIMEOUT)
+            r = httpx.post(
+                self._url(path), json=body, headers=self._headers(), timeout=_TIMEOUT
+            )
         except httpx.ConnectError:
-            raise ServerNotRunning()
+            raise ServerNotRunning() from None
         self._raise(r)
         return r.json()
 
     def _delete(self, path: str) -> Any:
         try:
-            r = httpx.delete(self._url(path), timeout=_TIMEOUT)
+            r = httpx.delete(self._url(path), headers=self._headers(), timeout=_TIMEOUT)
         except httpx.ConnectError:
-            raise ServerNotRunning()
+            raise ServerNotRunning() from None
         self._raise(r)
         return r.json()
 
     def ping(self) -> bool:
         try:
-            httpx.get(self._url("/api/gpu"), timeout=1.0)
+            httpx.get(self._base + "/api/ping", timeout=1.0)
             return True
         except Exception:
             return False
 
+    # ── Auth ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def auth_status(self) -> dict:
+        """Returns {auth_required, authenticated, username, expires_at}."""
+        return self._get("/api/auth/status")
+
+    def login(self, username: str, password: str) -> dict:
+        """Authenticate and store the session token for subsequent calls."""
+        try:
+            r = httpx.post(
+                f"{self._base}/api/auth/login",
+                json={"username": username, "password": password},
+                timeout=_TIMEOUT,
+            )
+        except httpx.ConnectError:
+            raise ServerNotRunning() from None
+        self._raise(r)
+        data = r.json()
+        self.token = data.get("token")
+        return data
+
     def gpus(self) -> list:
         return self._get("/api/gpus")
 
@@ -140,7 +170,10 @@ class NvCurveClient:
         return self._get("/api/config")
 
     def config_update(self, auto_load_profile: str | None, gpu_index: int = 0) -> dict:
-        return self._post("/api/config", {"auto_load_profile": auto_load_profile, "gpu_index": gpu_index})
+        return self._post(
+            "/api/config",
+            {"auto_load_profile": auto_load_profile, "gpu_index": gpu_index},
+        )
 
     # ── Server control ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 

nvcurve/config.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """User-configurable settings with sensible defaults."""
 
-import os
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 
@@ -21,6 +20,11 @@ class Config:
     snapshot_dir: str = "/var/cache/nvcurve/snapshots"
     profile_dir: str = "/etc/nvcurve/profiles"
 
+    # Authentication: path to the bcrypt user store. If the file exists and
+    # contains at least one user, the API requires login (dual mode). If it is
+    # absent or empty, the server runs with no authentication.
+    users_file: str = "/etc/nvcurve/users.json"
+
     # Per-GPU default profiles: applied automatically on server startup.
     # Key = stable GPU identifier (UUID string, "pci:{bus_id}", or "idx:{n}" fallback).
     # Value = profile name (str).

nvcurve/daemon.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Requires root.
 """
 
 import asyncio
+import contextlib
 import json
 import logging
 import os
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ import signal
 import subprocess
 import sys
 
+from .config import Config
+
 log = logging.getLogger("nvcurve.daemon")
 
 SOCKET_PATH = "/run/nvcurve-daemon.sock"
@@ -29,20 +32,36 @@ _PERSISTENT_CONFIG_FILE = "/etc/nvcurve/config.json"
 
 # Global server subprocess — only touched from the asyncio event loop.
 _server_proc: subprocess.Popen | None = None
-_cfg = None  # Config instance, set in run()
+_cfg: Config | None = None  # Config instance, set in run()
 
 
 # ── Socket command handlers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 async def _handle_serve_start(host: str, port: int) -> dict:
     global _server_proc
     if _server_proc is not None and _server_proc.poll() is None:
-        return {"ok": False, "error": "web server already running", "pid": _server_proc.pid}
+        return {
+            "ok": False,
+            "error": "web server already running",
+            "pid": _server_proc.pid,
+        }
 
-    cmd = [sys.executable, "-m", "nvcurve", "serve", "start",
+    cmd = [
-           "--host", host, "--port", str(port), "--direct"]
+        sys.executable,
+        "-m",
+        "nvcurve",
+        "serve",
+        "start",
+        "--host",
+        host,
+        "--port",
+        str(port),
+        "--direct",
+    ]
     log_path = "/var/log/nvcurve-server.log"
     log.info("Starting web server on %s:%d (log: %s)", host, port, log_path)
+    try:
         with open(log_path, "a") as lf:
             _server_proc = subprocess.Popen(
                 cmd,
@@ -50,6 +69,8 @@ async def _handle_serve_start(host: str, port: int) -> dict:
                 stderr=lf,
                 env={**os.environ, "PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE": "1"},
             )
+    except OSError as exc:
+        return {"ok": False, "error": f"cannot open log file {log_path}: {exc}"}
     log.info("Web server started (PID %d)", _server_proc.pid)
     return {"ok": True, "pid": _server_proc.pid}
 
@@ -62,9 +83,7 @@ async def _handle_serve_stop() -> dict:
     log.info("Stopping web server (PID %d)…", _server_proc.pid)
     _server_proc.terminate()
     try:
-        await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(
+        await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(None, _server_proc.wait, 5)
-            None, _server_proc.wait, 5
-        )
     except Exception:
         _server_proc.kill()
     _server_proc = None
@@ -84,6 +103,8 @@ async def _dispatch(req: dict) -> dict:
     if cmd == "ping":
         return {"ok": True}
     elif cmd == "serve_start":
+        if _cfg is None:
+            return {"ok": False, "error": "config not initialized"}
         host = req.get("host", _cfg.host)
         port = req.get("port", _cfg.port)
         return await _handle_serve_start(host, port)
@@ -110,20 +131,17 @@ async def _handle_client(
     except Exception as exc:
         resp = {"ok": False, "error": str(exc)}
     finally:
-        try:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
             writer.write(json.dumps(resp).encode() + b"\n")
             await writer.drain()
-        except Exception:
-            pass
         writer.close()
-        try:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
             await writer.wait_closed()
-        except Exception:
-            pass
 
 
 # ── Entrypoint ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 def _load_persistent_config() -> dict:
     try:
         with open(_PERSISTENT_CONFIG_FILE) as f:
@@ -147,10 +165,16 @@ def run() -> None:
 
     cfg_data = _load_persistent_config()
 
-    from .config import Config
     _cfg = Config()
-    for key in ("max_delta_khz", "auto_snapshot", "max_snapshots",
+    for key in (
-                "snapshot_dir", "profile_dir", "host", "port"):
+        "max_delta_khz",
+        "auto_snapshot",
+        "max_snapshots",
+        "snapshot_dir",
+        "profile_dir",
+        "host",
+        "port",
+    ):
         if key in cfg_data:
             setattr(_cfg, key, cfg_data[key])
 
@@ -175,13 +199,25 @@ async def _serve_socket(auto_serve: bool = False) -> None:
 
     # Clean up stale socket from a previous (unclean) run.
     if os.path.exists(SOCKET_PATH):
+        try:
             os.unlink(SOCKET_PATH)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            log.warning("Could not remove stale socket %s: %s", SOCKET_PATH, exc)
 
     server = await asyncio.start_unix_server(_handle_client, path=SOCKET_PATH)
-    os.chmod(SOCKET_PATH, 0o666)  # allow non-root CLI to connect
+    # The socket must be connectable by unprivileged users: the CLI runs as the
+    # regular user and talks to this root daemon over the socket. 0o666 is
+    # intentional (standard for /run daemon sockets).
+    # pi-lens-ignore: S103
+    os.chmod(
+        SOCKET_PATH, 0o666
+    )  # nosemgrep: python.lang.security.audit.insecure-file-permissions.insecure-file-permissions
     log.info("Daemon listening on %s", SOCKET_PATH)
 
     if auto_serve:
+        if _cfg is None:
+            log.warning("auto_serve requested but config not initialized")
+        else:
             log.info("auto_serve enabled — starting web server on boot")
             await _handle_serve_start(_cfg.host, _cfg.port)
 
@@ -206,4 +242,7 @@ async def _serve_socket(auto_serve: bool = False) -> None:
             _server_proc.kill()
 
     if os.path.exists(SOCKET_PATH):
+        try:
             os.unlink(SOCKET_PATH)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            log.warning("Could not remove socket %s on shutdown: %s", SOCKET_PATH, exc)

nvcurve/server.py

@@ -7,17 +7,36 @@ Requires root (NvAPI needs it).
 """
 
 import asyncio
-import json
 import logging
+import os
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
-from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Request, WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect
 from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from fastapi.responses import FileResponse, JSONResponse
+from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
+from . import auth
 from .config import Config, default_config
-from .hal.gpu import get_gpu, discover_gpus
+from .hal.fans import (
+    get_fan_info,
+    get_temp,
+    interpolate_fan_speed,
+    reset_fan,
+    set_fan_speed,
+    validate_curve,
+)
+from .hal.gpu import discover_gpus, get_gpu
+from .hal.limits import (
+    get_clock_offsets,
+    get_mem_offset_range,
+    get_power_limit,
+    set_clock_offsets,
+    set_power_limit,
+)
 from .hal.monitoring import (
     get_driver_version,
     get_vram_total,
@@ -28,41 +47,29 @@ from .hal.monitoring import (
 from .hal.ranges import get_clock_ranges
 from .hal.snapshot import (
     list_snapshots,
+)
+from .hal.snapshot import (
     restore as snapshot_restore,
+)
+from .hal.snapshot import (
     save as snapshot_save,
 )
-from .hal.limits import (
-    get_power_limit,
-    set_power_limit,
-    get_clock_offsets,
-    set_clock_offsets,
-    get_mem_offset_range,
-)
-from .hal.fans import (
-    get_fan_info,
-    set_fan_speed,
-    reset_fan,
-    get_temp,
-    interpolate_fan_speed,
-    validate_curve,
-)
-from .profiles.native import (
-    ProfileData,
-    save_profile,
-    load_profile,
-    list_profiles,
-    delete_profile,
-    rename_profile,
-)
 from .hal.vfcurve import (
     read_clock_offsets,
     read_curve,
-    read_vfp_curve,
     reset_offsets,
     write_global_offset,
     write_offsets,
 )
-from .safety import validate_write, check_negative_freq_warnings
+from .profiles.native import (
+    ProfileData,
+    delete_profile,
+    list_profiles,
+    load_profile,
+    rename_profile,
+    save_profile,
+)
+from .safety import check_negative_freq_warnings, validate_write
 
 log = logging.getLogger("nvcurve.server")
 
@@ -71,6 +78,7 @@ def _open_browser_as_user(url: str) -> None:
     """Open URL as the original (non-root) user when running under sudo."""
     import os
     import subprocess
+
     sudo_user = os.environ.get("SUDO_USER")
     if sudo_user and os.geteuid() == 0:
         try:
@@ -83,8 +91,10 @@ def _open_browser_as_user(url: str) -> None:
         except Exception:
             pass
     import webbrowser
+
     webbrowser.open(url)
 
+
 # ── Shared app state ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 _state: dict[str, Any] = {
@@ -92,15 +102,18 @@ _state: dict[str, Any] = {
     "config": default_config,
 }
 
+
 def _get_gpu_state(gpu_index: int) -> dict:
     if gpu_index not in _state["gpus"]:
         from fastapi import HTTPException
+
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"GPU {gpu_index} not found")
     return _state["gpus"][gpu_index]
 
 
 # ── Serialization helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 def _vfpoint_dict(p) -> dict:
     return {
         "index": p.index,
@@ -138,8 +151,12 @@ def _sample_dict(s) -> dict:
         "pstate_label": f"P{s.pstate}" if s.pstate is not None else None,
         "mem_used_bytes": s.mem_used_bytes,
         "mem_total_bytes": s.mem_total_bytes,
-        "mem_used_mib": round(s.mem_used_bytes / (1024 ** 2), 1) if s.mem_used_bytes is not None else None,
+        "mem_used_mib": round(s.mem_used_bytes / (1024**2), 1)
-        "mem_total_mib": round(s.mem_total_bytes / (1024 ** 2), 1) if s.mem_total_bytes is not None else None,
+        if s.mem_used_bytes is not None
+        else None,
+        "mem_total_mib": round(s.mem_total_bytes / (1024**2), 1)
+        if s.mem_total_bytes is not None
+        else None,
         "gpu_util_pct": s.gpu_util_pct,
         "mem_util_pct": s.mem_util_pct,
     }
@@ -147,6 +164,7 @@ def _sample_dict(s) -> dict:
 
 # ── WebSocket broadcast ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 async def _broadcast(clients: set, payload: dict) -> None:
     """Send JSON payload to all connected WebSocket clients, evict dead ones."""
     dead = set()
@@ -160,6 +178,7 @@ async def _broadcast(clients: set, payload: dict) -> None:
 
 # ── Background monitoring poller ─────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 async def _monitor_poller(gpu_index: int) -> None:
     """Continuously poll GPU state and push to connected monitor WebSocket clients."""
     cfg: Config = _state["config"]
@@ -198,6 +217,7 @@ async def _fan_poller(gpu_index: int) -> None:
 
 # ── Lifespan ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 @asynccontextmanager
 async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
     loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
@@ -260,16 +280,28 @@ async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
             if gpu_idx is None:
                 log.warning("Auto-load: no GPU found with key %r — skipping", gpu_key)
                 continue
-            log.info("Auto-loading profile %r on GPU %d (%s) [compat path]",
+            log.info(
-                     profile_name, gpu_idx, gpu_key)
+                "Auto-loading profile %r on GPU %d (%s) [compat path]",
+                profile_name,
+                gpu_idx,
+                gpu_key,
+            )
             try:
                 await _auto_apply_profile_with_retry(profile_name, gpu_idx)
             except FileNotFoundError:
-                log.warning("Auto-load profile %r not found in %s — skipping GPU %d",
+                log.warning(
-                            profile_name, cfg.profile_dir, gpu_idx)
+                    "Auto-load profile %r not found in %s — skipping GPU %d",
+                    profile_name,
+                    cfg.profile_dir,
+                    gpu_idx,
+                )
             except Exception as exc:
-                log.warning("Auto-load profile %r failed on GPU %d: %s — skipping",
+                log.warning(
-                            profile_name, gpu_idx, exc)
+                    "Auto-load profile %r failed on GPU %d: %s — skipping",
+                    profile_name,
+                    gpu_idx,
+                    exc,
+                )
     # ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     yield  # server is running
@@ -294,10 +326,15 @@ async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
             g_state["fan_curve"] = None
             try:
                 await loop.run_in_executor(None, reset_fan, gpu_index)
-                log.info("GPU %d: restored automatic fan control on shutdown", gpu_index)
+                log.info(
+                    "GPU %d: restored automatic fan control on shutdown", gpu_index
+                )
             except Exception as exc:
-                log.warning("GPU %d: failed to restore automatic fan control on shutdown: %s",
+                log.warning(
-                            gpu_index, exc)
+                    "GPU %d: failed to restore automatic fan control on shutdown: %s",
+                    gpu_index,
+                    exc,
+                )
 
     await loop.run_in_executor(None, shutdown_nvml)
 
@@ -314,8 +351,53 @@ app.add_middleware(
 )
 
 
+# ── Authentication middleware (dual mode) ─────────────────────────────────────
+# When the user store contains at least one user, every /api/* endpoint requires
+# a valid session (cookie or Bearer token). With no users configured, the API is
+# open — exactly like before. Static files (the SPA, including the login page)
+# and the public auth/ping endpoints are always reachable.
+
+PUBLIC_API_PATHS = {
+    "/api/ping",
+    "/api/auth/login",
+    "/api/auth/status",
+    "/api/auth/logout",
+}
+
+
+class AuthMiddleware:
+    """Require a valid session for /api/* when authentication is enabled."""
+
+    def __init__(self, app):
+        self.app = app
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        if scope["type"] == "http":
+            path = scope["path"]
+            if (
+                path.startswith("/api/")
+                and path not in PUBLIC_API_PATHS
+                and scope.get("method") != "OPTIONS"
+            ):
+                cfg: Config = _state["config"]
+                if auth.auth_enabled(cfg.users_file):
+                    token = auth.extract_token(Request(scope))
+                    if auth.get_session(token) is None:
+                        response = JSONResponse(
+                            {"detail": "Authentication required"},
+                            status_code=401,
+                        )
+                        await response(scope, receive, send)
+                        return
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+app.add_middleware(AuthMiddleware)
+
+
 # ── Request models ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 class WriteRequest(BaseModel):
     deltas: dict[int, int]  # {point_index: delta_kHz}
     max_delta_khz: int | None = None  # per-request safety limit override
@@ -365,13 +447,105 @@ class FanSpeedRequest(BaseModel):
     fan_pct: int
 
 
+class LoginRequest(BaseModel):
+    username: str
+    password: str
+
+
 # ── Helper: run blocking HAL call in thread pool ──────────────────────────────
 
+
 async def _run(fn, *args):
     loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
     return await loop.run_in_executor(None, fn, *args)
 
 
+# ── Auth endpoints ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+@app.get("/api/ping")
+async def api_ping():
+    """Public liveness probe (no auth). Used by the CLI to detect a running server."""
+    return {"ok": True}
+
+
+@app.get("/api/auth/status")
+async def api_auth_status(request: Request):
+    """Report whether auth is required and whether this request is authenticated."""
+    cfg: Config = _state["config"]
+    required = auth.auth_enabled(cfg.users_file)
+    token = auth.extract_token(request)
+    username = auth.get_session(token) if required else None
+    expires_at = auth.get_session_expires_at(token) if username else None
+    return {
+        "auth_required": required,
+        "authenticated": username is not None,
+        "username": username,
+        "expires_at": expires_at,
+    }
+
+
+@app.post("/api/auth/login")
+async def api_auth_login(req: LoginRequest, request: Request):
+    """Authenticate with username+password. Sets a 24-hour session cookie.
+
+    The plaintext password is checked against the stored bcrypt hash and never
+    persisted. On success a random session token is returned (for Bearer use)
+    and set as an HttpOnly cookie (for browser use).
+    """
+    cfg: Config = _state["config"]
+    users = auth.load_users(cfg.users_file)
+    if not users:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Authentication is not enabled")
+
+    client_ip = request.client.host if request.client else "unknown"
+    if auth.is_locked_out(client_ip):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=429, detail="Too many failed attempts. Try again later."
+        )
+
+    if auth.check_credentials(users, req.username, req.password):
+        auth.clear_failures(client_ip)
+        token, expires_at = auth.create_session(req.username)
+        response = JSONResponse(
+            {
+                "ok": True,
+                "username": req.username,
+                "expires_at": expires_at,
+                "token": token,
+            }
+        )
+        response.set_cookie(
+            auth.COOKIE_NAME,
+            token,
+            max_age=auth.SESSION_TTL_S,
+            httponly=True,
+            samesite="lax",
+            path="/",
+        )
+        return response
+
+    auth.record_failure(client_ip)
+    raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid username or password")
+
+
+@app.post("/api/auth/logout")
+async def api_auth_logout(request: Request):
+    """End the current session (idempotent)."""
+    token = auth.extract_token(request)
+    auth.destroy_session(token)
+    response = JSONResponse({"ok": True})
+    response.delete_cookie(auth.COOKIE_NAME, path="/")
+    return response
+
+
+@app.get("/api/auth/users")
+async def api_auth_users():
+    """List configured usernames (requires auth)."""
+    cfg: Config = _state["config"]
+    return {"users": auth.list_users(cfg.users_file)}
+
+
 def _require_gpu(gpu_index: int = 0):
     g_state = _get_gpu_state(gpu_index)
     gpu = g_state["gpu"]
@@ -382,10 +556,12 @@ def _require_gpu(gpu_index: int = 0):
 
 # ── REST endpoints ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 @app.get("/api/gpus")
 async def api_gpus():
     """List all discovered GPUs."""
     from .hal.gpu import discover_gpus
+
     gpu_infos = await _run(discover_gpus)
     return [
         {
@@ -397,6 +573,7 @@ async def api_gpus():
         for info in gpu_infos
     ]
 
+
 @app.get("/api/gpu")
 async def api_gpu(gpu_index: int = 0):
     """GPU info: name, driver version, VRAM."""
@@ -408,7 +585,7 @@ async def api_gpu(gpu_index: int = 0):
         "index": gpu_index,
         "driver_version": driver,
         "vram_bytes": vram,
-        "vram_gib": round(vram / (1024 ** 3), 2) if vram else None,
+        "vram_gib": round(vram / (1024**3), 2) if vram else None,
     }
 
 
@@ -433,7 +610,9 @@ async def api_curve_point(point: int, gpu_index: int = 0):
     if state is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to read curve: {err}")
     if point < 0 or point >= len(state.points):
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Point index must be 0–{len(state.points)-1}")
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400, detail=f"Point index must be 0–{len(state.points) - 1}"
+        )
     return _vfpoint_dict(state.points[point])
 
 
@@ -451,6 +630,7 @@ async def api_ranges(gpu_index: int = 0):
 async def api_voltage(gpu_index: int = 0):
     """Current GPU core voltage."""
     from .hal.monitoring import read_voltage
+
     gpu, g_state = _require_gpu(gpu_index)
     voltage_uv, err = await _run(read_voltage, gpu)
     if voltage_uv is None:
@@ -492,6 +672,7 @@ def _persist_config_field(key: str, value) -> None:
     """
     import json as _json
     import os as _os
+
     config_path = "/etc/nvcurve/config.json"
     if not _os.path.exists(config_path):
         return
@@ -589,6 +770,7 @@ async def _auto_apply_profile_with_retry(
     Logs a warning and gives up after max_retries failed attempts.
     """
     import os as _os
+
     cfg: Config = _state["config"]
     g_state = _get_gpu_state(gpu_index)
     gpu = g_state["gpu"]
@@ -598,43 +780,69 @@ async def _auto_apply_profile_with_retry(
     profile = await _run(load_profile, filepath)  # raises FileNotFoundError if missing
 
     expected: dict[int, int] = (
-        {int(k): v for k, v in profile.curve_deltas.items()} if profile.curve_deltas else {}
+        {int(k): v for k, v in profile.curve_deltas.items()}
+        if profile.curve_deltas
+        else {}
     )
 
     for attempt in range(max_retries):
         errs = await _apply_profile(name, gpu_index)
 
         if errs:
-            log.warning("Auto-load attempt %d/%d had errors: %s",
+            log.warning(
-                        attempt + 1, max_retries, "; ".join(errs))
+                "Auto-load attempt %d/%d had errors: %s",
+                attempt + 1,
+                max_retries,
+                "; ".join(errs),
+            )
         elif expected:
             offsets, err = await _run(read_clock_offsets, gpu)
             if offsets is None:
-                log.warning("Auto-load attempt %d/%d: read-back failed: %s",
+                log.warning(
-                            attempt + 1, max_retries, err)
+                    "Auto-load attempt %d/%d: read-back failed: %s",
+                    attempt + 1,
+                    max_retries,
+                    err,
+                )
             else:
                 mismatches = [
-                    f"pt{idx}: expected {val/1000:+.0f}MHz got {offsets[idx]/1000:+.0f}MHz"
+                    f"pt{idx}: expected {val / 1000:+.0f}MHz got {offsets[idx] / 1000:+.0f}MHz"
                     for idx, val in expected.items()
                     if idx < len(offsets) and offsets[idx] != val
                 ]
                 if not mismatches:
-                    log.info("Auto-load profile %r verified on GPU %d (attempt %d/%d)",
+                    log.info(
-                             name, gpu_index, attempt + 1, max_retries)
+                        "Auto-load profile %r verified on GPU %d (attempt %d/%d)",
+                        name,
+                        gpu_index,
+                        attempt + 1,
+                        max_retries,
+                    )
                     return
-                log.warning("Auto-load attempt %d/%d: read-back mismatch — %s",
+                log.warning(
-                            attempt + 1, max_retries, "; ".join(mismatches))
+                    "Auto-load attempt %d/%d: read-back mismatch — %s",
+                    attempt + 1,
+                    max_retries,
+                    "; ".join(mismatches),
+                )
         else:
-            log.info("Auto-load profile %r applied on GPU %d (attempt %d/%d)",
+            log.info(
-                     name, gpu_index, attempt + 1, max_retries)
+                "Auto-load profile %r applied on GPU %d (attempt %d/%d)",
+                name,
+                gpu_index,
+                attempt + 1,
+                max_retries,
+            )
             return
 
         if attempt < max_retries - 1:
-            delay = 2 ** attempt  # 1 s, 2 s, 4 s
+            delay = 2**attempt  # 1 s, 2 s, 4 s
             log.info("Retrying auto-load in %ds…", delay)
             await asyncio.sleep(delay)
 
-    log.warning("Auto-load profile %r failed after %d attempts — giving up", name, max_retries)
+    log.warning(
+        "Auto-load profile %r failed after %d attempts — giving up", name, max_retries
+    )
 
 
 async def _apply_profile(name: str, gpu_index: int = 0) -> list[str]:
@@ -645,6 +853,7 @@ async def _apply_profile(name: str, gpu_index: int = 0) -> list[str]:
     Sets g_state["active_profile"] on full success.
     """
     import os as _os
+
     g_state = _get_gpu_state(gpu_index)
     gpu = g_state["gpu"]
     cfg: Config = _state["config"]
@@ -677,7 +886,13 @@ async def _apply_profile(name: str, gpu_index: int = 0) -> list[str]:
                 errs.append("Curve: " + "; ".join(errors))
             else:
                 if cfg.auto_snapshot:
-                    await _run(snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots)
+                    await _run(
+                        snapshot_save,
+                        gpu,
+                        g_state["gpu_name"],
+                        cfg.snapshot_dir,
+                        cfg.max_snapshots,
+                    )
                 ret, desc = await _run(write_offsets, gpu, deltas)
                 if ret != 0:
                     errs.append(f"Curve write failed ({ret}): {desc}")
@@ -748,7 +963,9 @@ async def api_profile_delete(name: str):
             g_state["active_profile"] = None
     changed = any(v == name for v in cfg.auto_load_profiles.values())
     if changed:
-        cfg.auto_load_profiles = {k: v for k, v in cfg.auto_load_profiles.items() if v != name}
+        cfg.auto_load_profiles = {
+            k: v for k, v in cfg.auto_load_profiles.items() if v != name
+        }
         _persist_auto_load_profiles(cfg.auto_load_profiles)
     return {"ok": True}
 
@@ -905,6 +1122,7 @@ async def api_limits_reset(gpu_index: int = 0):
 
 # ── Fan endpoints ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 @app.get("/api/fans")
 async def api_fans(gpu_index: int = 0):
     """Current fan state: fan %, curve, and whether curve control is active."""
@@ -935,12 +1153,18 @@ async def api_fans_update(req: FanCurveRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
     # set to an inappropriate speed.
     if curve_data:
         sample = await _run(poll, g_state["gpu"], gpu_index)
-        test_temp = sample.temp_c if sample and sample.temp_c is not None else curve_data[0]["temp_c"]
+        test_temp = (
+            sample.temp_c
+            if sample and sample.temp_c is not None
+            else curve_data[0]["temp_c"]
+        )
         target = interpolate_fan_speed(curve_data, test_temp)
         if target is not None:
             fan_ok, fan_msg = await _run(set_fan_speed, gpu_index, target)
             if not fan_ok:
-                raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Fan control not available: {fan_msg}")
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=500, detail=f"Fan control not available: {fan_msg}"
+                )
 
     # Stop existing poller if running
     if g_state.get("fan_poller_task"):
@@ -994,6 +1218,7 @@ async def api_fans_speed(req: FanSpeedRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
 
 # ── Write endpoints ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 async def _reconcile_check(gpu_index: int) -> dict | None:
     """Re-read current offsets and return a warning dict if they differ from our last known state.
 
@@ -1035,7 +1260,9 @@ async def api_curve_write(req: WriteRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
 
     vfp_state, _ = await _run(read_curve, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"])
 
-    effective_limit = req.max_delta_khz if req.max_delta_khz is not None else cfg.max_delta_khz
+    effective_limit = (
+        req.max_delta_khz if req.max_delta_khz is not None else cfg.max_delta_khz
+    )
     errors = validate_write(req.deltas, effective_limit)
     if errors:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail={"errors": errors})
@@ -1052,7 +1279,13 @@ async def api_curve_write(req: WriteRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
         warning = await _reconcile_check(gpu_index)
 
         if cfg.auto_snapshot:
-            await _run(snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots)
+            await _run(
+                snapshot_save,
+                gpu,
+                g_state["gpu_name"],
+                cfg.snapshot_dir,
+                cfg.max_snapshots,
+            )
 
         ret, desc = await _run(write_offsets, gpu, req.deltas)
         if ret != 0:
@@ -1081,7 +1314,9 @@ async def api_curve_write_global(req: GlobalOffsetRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to read curve")
 
     all_deltas = {p.index: req.delta_khz for p in vfp_state.points if p.domain == "gpu"}
-    effective_limit = req.max_delta_khz if req.max_delta_khz is not None else cfg.max_delta_khz
+    effective_limit = (
+        req.max_delta_khz if req.max_delta_khz is not None else cfg.max_delta_khz
+    )
     errors = validate_write(all_deltas, effective_limit)
     if errors:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail={"errors": errors})
@@ -1097,7 +1332,13 @@ async def api_curve_write_global(req: GlobalOffsetRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
         warning = await _reconcile_check(gpu_index)
 
         if cfg.auto_snapshot:
-            await _run(snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots)
+            await _run(
+                snapshot_save,
+                gpu,
+                g_state["gpu_name"],
+                cfg.snapshot_dir,
+                cfg.max_snapshots,
+            )
 
         ret, desc = await _run(write_global_offset, gpu, req.delta_khz)
         if ret != 0:
@@ -1124,7 +1365,13 @@ async def api_curve_reset(gpu_index: int = 0):
         warning = await _reconcile_check(gpu_index)
 
         if cfg.auto_snapshot:
-            await _run(snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots)
+            await _run(
+                snapshot_save,
+                gpu,
+                g_state["gpu_name"],
+                cfg.snapshot_dir,
+                cfg.max_snapshots,
+            )
 
         ret, desc = await _run(reset_offsets, gpu)
         if ret != 0:
@@ -1151,10 +1398,14 @@ async def api_curve_verify(req: VerifyRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
 
     before_offsets, err = await _run(read_clock_offsets, gpu)
     if before_offsets is None:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to read current state: {err}")
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to read current state: {err}"
+        )
 
     # Always snapshot before verify — it's a testing operation
-    await _run(snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots)
+    await _run(
+        snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots
+    )
 
     async with g_state["write_lock"]:
         ret, desc = await _run(write_offsets, gpu, req.deltas)
@@ -1165,7 +1416,9 @@ async def api_curve_verify(req: VerifyRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
 
         after_offsets, err = await _run(read_clock_offsets, gpu)
         if after_offsets is None:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Verification read failed: {err}")
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=500, detail=f"Verification read failed: {err}"
+            )
 
         g_state["active_profile"] = None
         await _update_offsets_and_broadcast(gpu_index)
@@ -1177,12 +1430,14 @@ async def api_curve_verify(req: VerifyRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
         match = actual == expected
         if not match:
             all_matched = False
-        points_result.append({
+        points_result.append(
+            {
                 "point": point,
                 "expected_khz": expected,
                 "actual_khz": actual,
                 "match": match,
-        })
+            }
+        )
 
     collateral = [
         {"point": i, "before_khz": before_offsets[i], "after_khz": after_offsets[i]}
@@ -1206,6 +1461,7 @@ async def api_shutdown():
     """Gracefully shut down the server process."""
     import os
     import signal
+
     loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
     loop.call_later(0.1, lambda: os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGTERM))
     return {"ok": True}
@@ -1216,7 +1472,9 @@ async def api_snapshot_save(gpu_index: int = 0):
     """Save a ClockBoostTable snapshot."""
     gpu, g_state = _require_gpu(gpu_index)
     cfg: Config = _state["config"]
-    path = await _run(snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots)
+    path = await _run(
+        snapshot_save, gpu, g_state["gpu_name"], cfg.snapshot_dir, cfg.max_snapshots
+    )
     if path is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to save snapshot")
     return {"ok": True, "filepath": path}
@@ -1241,9 +1499,27 @@ async def api_snapshot_restore(req: SnapshotRestoreRequest, gpu_index: int = 0):
 
 # ── WebSocket endpoints ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
+def _ws_authenticated(ws: WebSocket) -> bool:
+    """True if the WebSocket connection is allowed (auth disabled or valid session).
+
+    The session token is read from the Authorization header or the cookie
+    (browsers send the cookie automatically on the WS handshake). The token is
+    deliberately NOT accepted via a query string, since uvicorn's access log
+    records the full path including the query string.
+    """
+    cfg: Config = _state["config"]
+    if not auth.auth_enabled(cfg.users_file):
+        return True
+    return auth.get_session(auth.extract_token(ws)) is not None
+
+
 @app.websocket("/ws/monitor")
 async def ws_monitor(ws: WebSocket):
     """Stream MonitoringSample at poll_interval_s. Clients receive JSON objects."""
+    if not _ws_authenticated(ws):
+        await ws.close(code=1008)
+        return
     await ws.accept()
     try:
         data = await ws.receive_json()
@@ -1274,7 +1550,7 @@ async def ws_monitor(ws: WebSocket):
     except WebSocketDisconnect:
         pass
     except Exception:
-        pass
+        log.debug("monitor ws client error", exc_info=True)
     finally:
         g_state["monitor_clients"].discard(ws)
 
@@ -1282,6 +1558,9 @@ async def ws_monitor(ws: WebSocket):
 @app.websocket("/ws/curve")
 async def ws_curve(ws: WebSocket):
     """Push CurveState whenever the curve changes (after writes)."""
+    if not _ws_authenticated(ws):
+        await ws.close(code=1008)
+        return
     await ws.accept()
     try:
         data = await ws.receive_json()
@@ -1313,47 +1592,54 @@ async def ws_curve(ws: WebSocket):
     except WebSocketDisconnect:
         pass
     except Exception:
-        pass
+        log.debug("curve ws client error", exc_info=True)
     finally:
         g_state["curve_clients"].discard(ws)
 
 
 # ── Frontend SPA ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-import os
-from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles
-from fastapi.responses import FileResponse
-from pathlib import Path
 
 # When set, suppresses the auto-open browser behaviour so the dev can open
 # the Vite dev server (pnpm dev) manually instead.
 _DEV_PORT = os.environ.get("NVCURVE_DEV_PORT")
 
-# Robust asset resolution using importlib.resources
+
-try:
+def _resolve_dist_dir() -> str:
+    """Resolve the frontend dist directory to a string path.
+
+    Prefers the packaged location (importlib.resources), then falls back to
+    the project-root layout used during local development.
+    """
+    try:
         from importlib.resources import files as _resource_files
-    # In a packaged installation, frontend/dist is inside the package
-    _dist_dir = _resource_files("nvcurve") / "frontend" / "dist"
 
-    # Fallback for local development where frontend/dist might be at project root
+        candidate = _resource_files("nvcurve") / "frontend" / "dist"
-    if not _dist_dir.is_dir():
+        if candidate.is_dir():
-        _here = Path(__file__).parent
+            return str(candidate)
-        _dist_dir = _here.parent / "frontend" / "dist"
+    except (ImportError, TypeError):
-except (ImportError, TypeError):
+        pass
-    # Legacy fallback for older Python or environments without importlib.resources.files
+    here = Path(__file__).parent
-    _here = Path(__file__).parent
+    for base in (here, here.parent):
-    _dist_dir = _here / "frontend" / "dist"
+        dist = base / "frontend" / "dist"
-    if not _dist_dir.is_dir():
+        if dist.is_dir():
-        _dist_dir = _here.parent / "frontend" / "dist"
+            return str(dist)
+    return str(here / "frontend" / "dist")
 
-_dist_dir = str(_dist_dir)
+
+_dist_dir = _resolve_dist_dir()
 
 if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(_dist_dir, "assets")):
-    app.mount("/assets", StaticFiles(directory=os.path.join(_dist_dir, "assets")), name="assets")
+    app.mount(
+        "/assets",
+        StaticFiles(directory=os.path.join(_dist_dir, "assets")),
+        name="assets",
+    )
+
 
 @app.get("/{catchall:path}")
 async def serve_spa(catchall: str):
-    if catchall.startswith("api/") or catchall.startswith("ws/"):
+    if catchall.startswith(("api/", "ws/")):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Not Found")
 
     if not os.path.isdir(_dist_dir):
@@ -1372,6 +1658,7 @@ async def serve_spa(catchall: str):
 
 # ── Factory for configured app ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+
 def create_app(config: Config = default_config) -> FastAPI:
     """Create a server app with a custom config (e.g. different gpu_index)."""
     _state["config"] = config
@@ -1388,6 +1675,7 @@ def run(
     """Start the uvicorn server. Blocking."""
     import socket
     import threading
+
     import uvicorn
 
     _state["config"] = config
@@ -1404,7 +1692,9 @@ def run(
             s.bind((host, port))
         except OSError:
             print(f"Error: port {port} is already in use.")
-            print(f"Use --port N to specify a different port, or free port {port} first.")
+            print(
+                f"Use --port N to specify a different port, or free port {port} first."
+            )
             return
 
     url = f"http://{host}:{port}"

pyproject.toml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "nvidia-ml-py>=12.0",
     "pydantic>=2.0",
     "httpx>=0.27",
+    "bcrypt>=4.0",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]

pyrightconfig.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "venvPath": ".",
+  "venv": ".venv"
+}

uv.lock

@@ -33,6 +33,72 @@ wheels = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
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+version = "5.0.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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+
 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
 version = "2026.2.25"
@@ -159,6 +225,7 @@ name = "nvcurve"
 version = "0.5.1"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
+    { name = "bcrypt" },
     { name = "fastapi" },
     { name = "httpx" },
     { name = "nvidia-ml-py" },
@@ -168,6 +235,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [package.metadata]
 requires-dist = [
+    { name = "bcrypt", specifier = ">=4.0" },
     { name = "fastapi", specifier = ">=0.115" },
     { name = "httpx", specifier = ">=0.27" },
     { name = "nvidia-ml-py", specifier = ">=12.0" },